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BY 

We&  Virginia  Experiment  Station 

DR.  C.  A.  LUZDER,  Veterinarian 
PUBLISHED  BY 

DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE 

H.  E.  WILLIAMS,  Commissioner 
JUNE,    1913 


MOLi 

arI 

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Wain  Lib. 

Agrfc.  Dept. 


TRIBUNE    PRINTING    CO.,    CHARLESTON,    W.   V*. 


AfiWC.  DEfl. 


1  • 


Hoc  Cholera. 


Department  of  Agriculture  on  the  Control  of  Hog  Cholera 

In  the  publication  of  a  bulletin  on  Hog  Cholera,  it  seems  only 
fitting  that  in  connection  therewith  I  outline  the  general  policy 
of  the  State  Department  of  Agriculture  in  relation  to  the  Control 
or  Prevention  of  the  Disease. 

As  a  preventive  measure  we  will  at  present  make  no  effort  to 
vaccinate  free  of  charge  all  the  hogs  in  the  State,  or  even  those 
whose  owners  apply  to  this  department  for  such  treatment,  except 
in  the  case  of  an  outbreak  of  the  disease,  but  we  will  furnish  the 
Hog  Cholera  Serum  to  all  hog  owners  within  the  state  who  apply 
for  same,  at  actual  cost  and  postage,  and  in  the  event  of  an  out- 
break of  Hog  Cholera  we  will  furnish  Fog  Cholera  Serum  and 
one  of  the  consulting  Veterinarians  of  this  department  to  vaccinate 
and  quarantine,  not  only  the  diseased  herd  but  all  hogs  within 
reasonable  distance  of  the  outbreak,  free  of  cost  to  the  owners  on 
condition  that  they  will  agree  to  abide  by  and  put  into  effect  the 
rulings  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and  the  instructions  of 
the  consulting  Veterinarian  as  to  disinfection  and  quarantine^  and 
will  exert  all  reasonable  efforts  to  assist  in  the  control  and  eradica- 
tion of  the  disease. 

The  Department  of  Agriculture  is  ready  to  assist  in  every  possi- 
ble way,  but  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  without  the  co-operation 
of  the  property  owners  our  efforts  will  avail  but  little.  Whenever 
there  is  an  outbreak  of  Hog  Cholera  it  should  be  immediately  re- 
ported to  this  department  in  order  that  step's  may  be  taken  for  its 
control. 

H.  E.  Williams, 
Commissioner  of  Agriculture. 

Charleston,  West  Virginia. 


QflfiO/IO 


Hog  Choleka. 


Morgantown,  W.  Va. 

June  10,  1913. 
Hon  Howard  E.  Williams, 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture, 

Charleston,  West  Virginia. 

Sir:— 

I  have  the  honor  to  hand  you  herewith  the  manuscript  of  a  bulle- 
tin on  Hog  Cholera,  Its  Prevention  and  Control,  prepared  by  Dr.  C. 
A.  Lueder,  veterinarian  of  this  Station.  This  bulletin  is  the  re- 
sult of  experimental  work  carried  on  last  year  in  co-operation  with 
the  State  Board  of  Agriculture.  Inasmuch  as  the  control  of  live 
stock  diseases  is  under  your  supervision  it  seems  fitting  that  this 
bulletin  should  be  published  from  your  office  and  this  Station  ap- 
preciates your  courtesy  in  the  matter. 

Very  truly  yours, 

E.  D.  Sanderson,  Director  West 
Virginia  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station. 


Hog  Cholera. 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  West  Virginia  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  receives  a 
large  number  of  inquiries  and  letters  each  year  in  regard  to  symp- 
toms, prevention.,  treatment  and  all  other  particulars  pertaining  to 
hog  cholera. 

In  order  to  obtain  definite  data  on  these  subjects  a  series  of  ex- 
periments were  undertaken  by  the  Veterinarian  of  the  Station  in 
co-operation  with  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture.  These  experi- 
ments were  conducted  in  1912  on  thirteen  different  farms  and  a  to- 
tal of  188  hogs  were  treated  and  observed. 

The  purpose  of  this  circular  is  to  set  forth  these  results  as  to  con- 
vince the  farmers  and  hog  raisers  of  this  state  that  whenever  hog 
cholera  is  prevalent  in  any  particular  neighborhood,  it  can  be  kept 
under  control  and  no  hogs  be  lost  from  this  dread  disease  if  they 
(first)  see  to  it  that  the  disease  is  positively  diagnosed  by  a  compe- 
tent veterinarian;  if  they  will  (second)  give  their  hogs  better  san- 
itary conditions, — that  is,  cleaner,  dryer  yards  and  pens  well  disin- 
fected; and  if  they  will  (third)  vaccinate  all  hogs  according  to  di- 
rections with  cholera  serum  before  they  become  exposed  to  the  dis- 
ease. 


Ho£  Cholera 


s 


Eoq  Cholera. 


CAUSE  OF  DISEASE. 


The  direct  cause  of  hog  cholera  is  a  germ  or  organism  which  is 
so  small  that  it  will  pass  through  a  porcelain  filtei  ami  even  yet, 


OMr  -rf^JfkV 


Where  cholera  broke  out,  showing  chicken 
spreading  diease  germs. 

due  to  their  extreme  smallness,  the  germs  that  cause  the  disease  have 
never  been  seen  with  a  microscope. 

The  prevalence  of  cholera  among  hogs  can  be  accounted  for  by 
the  way  in  which  farmers  and  hog  raisers  usually  care  for  these  an- 
imals. '  In  neighborhoods  where  the  disease  is  prevalent  over  eight 
per  cent  of  the  outbreaks  will  first  appear  in  those  hog  houses  and 
lots  where  a  wet,  muddy,  filthy,  ill-smelling  condition  exists.  This 
is  an  ideal  place  to  breed  and  harbor  the  disease  and  if  these  condi- 
tions could  be  prevented  it  would  he  an  easy  matter  to  control  hog 
cholera. 

The  germ  is  always  present  in  the  blood  of  diseased  hogs  and 
is  also  present  in  their  saliva,  urine,  manure  and  in  fact  all  excre- 
tions from  their  bodies.  - 

When  these  germs  are  set  free  in  the  filthy  pens  and  muddy  yards, 
conditions  are  exactly  right  so  that  everything  that  touches  or 
comes  in  contact  with  these  pens  and  yards  will  become  covered 
with  the  germs  and  thus  spread  the  disease  throughout  the  neigh- 
borhood. Cattle,  horses  and  wagons  when  driven  through  the  in- 
fected yards  which  the  hogs  frequent,  may  carry  the  disease.  Buz- 
zards, because  of  their  habits  of  feeding  in  bog  lots;  poultry,  pig- 
eons, wild  rabbits,  dogs,  foxes,  skunks  and  even  people  traveling 
from  one  farm  to  another,  may  carry  the  disease  to  the  next  neigh- 
bors.    Hogs  bought  in  an   infected  neighborhood    and    about  to 


Hog  Cholera.  9 

come  down  with  the  disease,  if  allowed  to  run  at  large  on  the  com- 
mon or  in  the  mountains  may  carry  the  disease.  This  same  effect 
often  results  from  transporting  breeding  animals  into  an  infected 
neighborhood  for  service  and  then  returning  them  to  their  home 


Disinfecting  shoes  before  leaving  cholera  infested  farm. 

pens.  Hogs  bought  at  fairs  and  stock  shows,  may  look  well  and 
hearty  but  may  have  been  exposed  in  the  cars  in  which  they  were 
shipped  or  in  the  pens  in  which  they  were  exhibited,  and  when 
taken  home  without  being  in  quarantine  for  three  weeks,  will  in- 
fect the'  home  herds.  Small  streams  running  through  and  drain- 
ing infected  yards  are  common  carriers  of  disease.  Dead  carcasses 
of  hogs  are  often  times  the  means  of  infection,  when  taken  to  the 


/ 
/  • 


Dogs  will  carry  the  disease  from  one  farm 
to  another 


LO 


Bog  Choleba. 


field  or  wood  lot  and  allowed  to  decompose  and  be  eaten  by  animals 
or  buzzards  which  in  turn  may  carry  the  organisms  of  the  dead  car- 
casses on  their  bodies  and  drop  pieces  of  the  infected  flesh  over  the 
surrounding  farms.  The  buzzard  will  drop  his  manure  or  light  and 
wipe  his  filthy  infected  feet  in  the  nearest  hog  lo1  or  throw  up  the 
infected  contents  of  his  crop  on  an  enemy  as  a  means  of  protection, 
and  then  fly  away  to  infect  another  neighboring  farm. 

THE  INCUBATION  PERIOD. 

The  incubation  period  is  the  length  of  time  between  the  expos- 
ure of  the  hog  to  the  disease  and  the  development  of  the  first  signs 
of  sickness  in  the  hog.  This  varies  from  a  few  days  to  two  or  three 
weeks  and  depends  somewhat  on  the  age  of  the  animal,  its  physical 
condition,  the  way  in  which  it  is  exposed  to  the  disease  and  the 
strength  and  vitality  of  the  germ  causing  the  disease.  In  the  be- 
ginning of  an  outbreak,  the  germs  are  usually  the  strongest  and 
after  the  disease  has  run  a  course  of  two  or  three  months  it  may  lose 
its  strength  and  not  attack  the  hogs  that  are  three  or  four  years  old. 


Rail  pen  showing  where  eleven  shoats  died  from  cholere. 

SYMPTOMS. 

When  hogs  are  becoming  sick  with  cholera,  the  first  thing  the 
farmer  will   notice   is  that   sonic   of  them   become  gaunt  and   their 


Hog  Cholera. 


11 


ears  and  tails  droop.  They  will  eat  sparingly  acting  as  though 
they  eat  because  the  rest  eat  and  not  because  they  are  hungry.  They 
are  always  the  first  to  lie  down  after  eating  and  usually  go  off  by 
themselves,  hide  in  the  litter  and  lie  quiet. 

In  from  three  to  five  days  after  the  first  symptoms  show,  the  an- 
imal may  entirely  refuse  food,  or  may  come  with  the  rest  when  call- 
ed, but  on  close  observation  the  sick  hog  will  show  signs  of  weav- 
ing or  staggering  behind.  Sometimes  they  are  unable  to  rise  at 
all.  The  animal  may  either  have  diarrhoea  or  be  constipated.  As 
time  goes  on,  the  hog  will  become  very  thin,  ears  lop  down,  eyelids 
becoming  swollen  and  often  having  a  sticky  gluey  discharge  around 
the  edges.  The  skin  may  become  rough,  wrinkly  and  dry.  Some- 
times, scabs  and  sores  come  on  the  ears  and  back.  In  white  hogs,  the 
belly,  ears,  throat  and  inner  side  of  the  legs  often  appear  red  or 
purple  colored,  while  in  black  hogs,  or  if  the  skin  is  black  in  the 
above  described  regions  it  will  be  impossible  to  see  the  purple  color. 


Two  vaccinated  sows  that  had  free  access  to  outside  of  the 
above  open  pen  and  did  not  contract  disease. 

In  the  beginning  of  an  outbreak  it  is  impossible  Tor  one  to  tell 
positively  if  the  sickness  is  due  to  hog  cholera.  The  only  definite 
way  for  the  farmer  to  tell  is  to  kill  the  animal  or  wait  until  just 
after  natural  death,  then  open  the  bog  by  cutting  away  the  ribs  and 
upper  side  of  the  abdominal  wall  with  a  sharp  axe.  This  will  ex- 
pose the  heart,  lungs,  liver,  stomach,  intestines,  kidneys,  etc. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  typical  hog  cholera  signs  are  not 
seen  in  every  sick  hog  that  lias  been  killed  or  has  died.  The  farm- 
er must  not  come  to  the  conclusion  on  the  first  hog  opened  that  the 
trouble  is  not  hog  cholera,  because  the  disease  shows  itself  in  so 
many  different  ways  that  it  may  require  the  examination  of  some- 


12 


Hoi;  Cholera. 


times  as  many  as  four  or  five  hogs  to  tell  positively  thai  the  disease 
is  hog  cholera. 

In  the  acute  form  of  the  disease,  the  cholera  signs  are  usually 
seen  as  small  red  blood  spots,  caused  by  rupture  of  the  capillary 

walls.  These  spots  are  from  the  size  of  a  pin  point  to  a  pin  head  and 
are  found  on  the  liver,  spleen.  Lungs,  intestines  and  especially  on 

the  kidneys.  After  the  thin  skin  that  covers  the  kidneys  is  re- 
moved these  spots,  which  cannot  he  wiped  or  rubbed  off,  give  the 
appearance  of  a  turkey  egg.  Sometimes  these  spots  arc  very  small 
and  only  a  few  in  number;  therefore,  the  kidneys  should  he  exam- 


"Turkey  egg"  appearance  of  cholera 
diseased   kidneys. 

ined  very  closely.  On  the  other  hand,  they  may  be  large  and  easily 
seen.  From  the  farmers  point  of  view,  these  si  mis  should  serve 
as  a  positive  diagnosis  that  his  herd  has  cholera. 

At  this  point,  the  veterinarian  should  be  notified  and  a  call  made 
to  make  absolutely  sure  that  the  disease  is  hog  cholera,  and  then  see 
to  it  that  all  precautions  prescribed  by  law  are  carried  out  to  the 
letter  and  advise  the  neighboring  farmer  of  the  danger  so  as  to  cut 
off  all  possible  ways  and  channels  of  the  germ  being  carried  from 
the  infected  pens  to  the  neighbors'  herds. 

On  the  other  hand,  if  the  disease  is  not  reported  immediately  to 
the  veterinarian  so  that  he  can  take  all  the  necessary  precautions, 
the  disease  will  spread  all  over  the  surrounding  country  in  a  very 
short  time. 

PREVENTIVE  MEASURES. 

Hog  Cholera  is  the  most  deadly  and  widespread  disease  of  hogs 
in   the  state  and    for  this   reason  all   possible  precautions  should   he 


Hog  Cholera. 


13 


taken  to  prevent  its  spread.  Proper  houses,  yards,  feeding  and 
care  must  be  provided  to  keep  the  herd  in  a  healthy  growing  condi- 
tion. 

Healthy  hogs  naturally  resist  almost  all  diseases  and  have  a  slight 
resistance  against  hog  cholera,  but  filthy  crowded  pens  and  yards 
with  lack  of  exercise  and  poor  feeding  overcome  this  resistance  and 
are  a  secondary  cause  of  the  spread  of  the  disease. 

There  are  two  tilings  necessary  to  keep  hog  cholera  out  of  the 
herd.  The  first  is  to  keep  away  from  the  hogs  the  germ  that 
causes  the  disease.  The  second  is  to  increase  the  resistance  of  the 
hog  to  the  organism  so  that  if  it  does  happen  to  come  in  contact  with 
the  germs  it  will  resist  the  disease.  To  provide  the  necessary  pre- 
cautions, care  must  be  given  to  the  foods,  yards,  drinking  water, 
trough  and  floors.  If  the  food  is  from  the  slops  of  boarding  houses 
or  hotels  it  should  be  cooked  for  fear  that  it  may  contain  pieces  of 
raw  infected  pork  that  have  come  from  the  western  packing  houses. 

The  cooking  kills  all  germs  and  this  reduces  the  chance  of  in- 
fecting the  hogs  with  any  disease  from  this  source.  Yards  that  are 
not  well  drained  and  become  muddy  are  not  fit  for  use  after  the 
first  year  because  soil  becomes  so  full  of  organic  matter  that  it  be- 


Using  the  disinfected  artificial  hog  wallow. 


comes  filthy,  ill  smelling  and  unhealthy.  Each,  year  new  yards 
should  be  provided  and  the  old  ones  plowed  up  and  sowed  with 
some  forage  crop.  The  wallow  hole  is  one  of  the  most  essential 
features  of  a  hog  lot  during  the  summer  months  and  it  is  always 


1 1 


Hog  Cholera. 


Hog  Cholera.  15 

the  most  filthy  part  of  the  yard.  The  wallow  should  be  artificially 
made  of  planks  or  cement  and  kept  well  filled  with  clean  water 
containing  a  disinfectant  of  creolin — one  ounce  to  one  gallon  of  wa- 
ter. This  should  be  cleaned  outside  of  the  yard  and  refilled  about 
every  ten  days. 

Streams  draining  from  lots  higher  up  should  not  be  allowed  to 
run  through  the  yards.  Feed  troughs  and  floors  should  be  kept 
free  from  stale  food,  corn-cobs  and  wet  litter. 

There  is  no  place  on  the  farm  where  disinfectants  are  as  neces- 
sary as  in  the  hog  houses  and  yards.  Carbolic  acid — one  tablespoon- 
ful  to  two  gallons  of  water,  or  creolin — two  tablespoonfuls  to  one 
gallon  of  water  make  excellent  disinfectants.  Whitewash  con- 
taming  sulphur  and  creolin  in  any  proportion  desirable,  used  on 
the  inside  of  the  pen  makes  one  of  the  best  disinfectants. 

Hogs  newly  bought  or  coming  from  other  herds  should  be  kept 
entirely  seperate  from  the  home  herd  for  at  least  three  weeks. 
During  this  time  they  should  have  a  different  care-taker  and  sepa- 
rate utensils  should  be  used  for  feeding  and  caring  for  the  animals. 

The  question  is  often  asked  by  farmers,  "How  long  before  new 
hogs  can  be  safely  put  into  pens  that  have  been  infected?" 

New  hogs  should  not  be  put  on  the  same  farm  for  at  least  three 
months  and  not  in  the  old  pens  for  one  year.  New  pens  and  yards 
should  be  provided  at  least  one  hundred  yards  from  the  old  pens. 

The  old  yards  should  be  limed,  plowed  and  planted  and  the  old 
pens  should  be  burned  or  whitewashed  and  disinfected  as  describ- 
ed above. 

Each  hog  should  be  thoroughly  sprinkled,  using  a  garden  water- 
ing-pot of  disinfectant,  composed  of  two  tablespoonfuls  creolin  to 
one  gallon  of  water. 

The  second  essential  in  keeping  hogs  free  from  cholera  is  vacci- 
nation with  cholera  serum  before  they  become  exposed  to  the  dis- 
ease. 

The  method  of  vaccinating  hogs  for  hog  cholera  should  be  un- 
derstood and  carried  out  by  the  farmer  or  hog  raiser  just  as  the 
farmer  vaccinates  his  calves  for  black  leg.  The  object  of  vaccina- 
ting and  the  methods  used  are  just  the  same,  except  in  black  leg  the 
new  and  up-to-date  method  is  to  use  a  pill,  where  in  hog  cholera  a 
certain  quantity  of  serum  is  used  for  every  pound  of  hog  flesh. 
The  farmer  can  estimate  the  weight  of  his  hogs  and  give  the  meas- 
ured amount  of  serum  just  as  well  and  as  efficiently  as  the  veteri- 
narian, as  long  as  he  follows  out  the  directions  laid  down  in  this 
bulletin. 


16  Hog  Cholera. 

The  results  will  be  just  as  good  and  as  Lasting  as  if  lie  paid  a 
professional  fee  for  the  same. 

INSTRUCTIONS  FOB  VACCINATING. 

Great  care  should  be  exercised  in  estimating  the  weight  of  the 

hog  because  on  this  must  depend  the  amount  of  serum  to  be  used. 
If  the  weight  is  estimated  too  Low,  and  too  small  a  dose  of  serum 
is  used,  that  hog  is  in  as  much  danger  of  taking  the  cholera  as  if  it 
has  no  serum  at  all.  On  the  other  hand,  if  the  weight  is  given  too 
high  and  too  much  serum  is  used,  there  is  no  harm  done  to  the  hog. 

If  the  disease  is  already  present  in  the  herd,  great  care  should 
he  taken  in  separating  the  siek  animals  from  the  well.  The  only 
way  to  make  sure  of  them  is  by  the  use  of  the  thermometer.  Shake 
thi'  thermometer  down  each  time  before  using  and  insert  into  the 
rectum  for  two  minutes,  remove  it  and  read  the  temperature.  All 
hogs  that  show  a  temperature  of  103  degrees  or  more,  should  he  left 
in  the  pens  and  all  having  a  temperature  under  103  degrees  should 
he  disinfected  as  described  above,  removed  to  new  quarters,  given 
warm  dry  pens,  a  dry  yard  and  then  vaccinated  with  a  double  dose  of 
serum.  The  sick  hogs  should  be  left  in  the  old  pen  which  is  then 
disinfected  and  boarded  up  tight  so  that  rats,  poultry,  birds,  etc. 
cannot  enter.  As  fast  as  the  hogs  refuse  to  eat,  they  should  be 
taken  to  a  convenient  place  where  a  big  fire  can  be  built  and  the 
animal  killed  and  the  carcass  burned. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  while  people  and  all  farm  animals 
can  handle  or  be  continually  in  contact  with  the  sick  hogs  and  not 
take  the  disease,  yet  they  can  carry  it  to  other  hogs.  This  being 
the  case,  the  farmer  need  have  no  fear  of  taking  cholera  in  opening 
the  carcass  to  look  for  the  spotted  liver  and  kidneys  as  described 
above.  In  bleeding  and  opening  the  dead  carcass,  it  should  be 
placed  on  top  of  the  wood  pile  so  that  all  liquids  and  pieces  of  flesh 
can  be  burned,  even  the  water  after  washing  the  knife  and  hands 
should  be  thrown  on  the  fire  to  make  sure  that  dogs,  chickens,  etc. 
will  have  no  chance  to  carry  the  germs  to  other  pens. 

Till)  VACCINATION. 

Great  care  should  be  taken  to  boil  the  syringe  and  wash  the  hands 
thoroughly  in  the  disinfectant  described  on  page  12.  The  serum 
should  be  warmed  to  body  temperature. 


Hog  Cholera. 


17 


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L8 


[iOG  Cholera. 


The  hogs  should  be  pul  in  a  clean  pen  and  an  assistanl  should  be 
at  hand  to  catch  and  hold  the  hogs,  as  shown  in  picture  The  in- 
side of  one  hind  leg  should  be  thoroughly  washed  and  the  estimated 
amounl  of  serum  injected  under  the  skin. 

The  hog  should  be  released  in  a  dry  yard  without  a  wallow.  The 
latter  precaution  is  necessary  to  prevent  infection  which  is  one  of 


Syringe  commonly  used  for  vaccination. 

the  causes  of  abcesses,  tumors  and  sometimes  death  from  blood 
poisoning.  Dirty  pens  and  vaccination  by  a  careless,  unclean  per- 
son may  be  the  cause  of  the  death  of  many  hogs. 


Farmers  disinfecting  hind  legs  of  hog  before  vaccinating, 

Dosage. 

Suckling  pig 5  cubic  centimeters. 

Fifty  pound  hog 10  cubic  centimeters. 


Hog  Cholera. 


•M'9' 


Seventy-five  pound  hog 15  cubic  centimeters. 

One  hundred  pound  hog   20  cubic  centimeters. 

Doses  increased  proportionally  for  heavier  hogs. 

RESULTS. 

During  the  month  of  October,  1912,  three  outbreaks  of  cholera 
occurred  near  the  Experiment  Station.     All  the  hogs  within  a  dis- 


Injecting  the  serum  after  the  disinfecting 

tance  of  one  half  mile  of  the  outbreaks  were  vaccinated  and  close 
observation  of  the  results  was  taken.  Not  a  single  hog  came  down 
with  the  disease  after  the  vaccinating  was  completed  around  the 
infected  territory. 


Mot;  Cholera. 


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